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The liberal arts (Latin: ''artes liberales'') are those subjects or skills that in classical antiquity were considered essential for a free person (Latin: ''liberal'', "worthy of a free person")〔Ernst Robert Curtius, ''European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages'' (), trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973), p. 37. The classical sources include Cicero, ''De Oratore'', I.72–73, III.127, and ''De re publica,'' I.30.〕 to know in order to take an active part in civic life, something that (for Ancient Greece) included participating in public debate, defending oneself in court, serving on juries, and most importantly, military service. Grammar, logic, and rhetoric were the core liberal arts, while arithmetic, geometry, the theory of music, and astronomy also played a (somewhat lesser) part in education.〔E. B. Castle, ''Ancient Education and Today'' (1969) p. 59〕 In modern times, liberal arts education is a term that can be interpreted in different ways. It can refer to certain areas of literature, languages, art history, music history, philosophy, history, mathematics, psychology, and science.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work = Encyclopædia Britannica )〕 It can also refer to studies on a liberal arts degree program. For example, Harvard University offers a Master of Liberal Arts degree, which covers biological and social sciences as well as the humanities.〔(Master of Liberal Arts ) on harvard.edu. Retrieved 4 January 2012.〕 For both interpretations, the term generally refers to matters not relating to the professional, vocational, or technical curriculum. ==History== Rooted in the basic curriculum – the ''enkuklios paideia'' or "education in a circle" – of late Classical and Hellenistic Greece, the "liberal arts" or "liberal pursuits" (Latin ''liberalia studia'') were already so called in formal education during the Roman Empire: thus Seneca the Younger discusses liberal arts in education from a critical Stoic point of view in Moral Epistle 88. The exact classification of the liberal arts varied however in Roman times,〔H. Lausberg, ''Handbook of Literary Rhetoric'' (1998) p. 10〕 and it was only after Martianus Capella in the 5th century AD influentially brought the seven liberal arts as bridesmaids to the Marriage of Mercury and Philology,〔Helen Waddell, ''The Wandering Scholars'' (1968) p. 25〕 that they took on canonical form. The four 'scientific' ''artes'' – music, arithmetic, geometry and astronomy (or astrology) – were known from the time of Boethius onwards as the ''Quadrivium''. After the 9th century, the remaining three arts of the 'humanities' – grammar, logic, and rhetoric – were classed as well as the ''Trivium''.〔 It was in that two-fold form that the seven liberal arts were studied in the medieval Western university.〔 at Questia ()〕 During the Middle Ages, logic gradually came to take predominance over the other parts of the ''Trivium''.〔Helen Waddell, ''The Wandering Scholars'' (1968) pp. 141–3〕 In the Renaissance, the Italian humanists and their Northern counterparts, despite in many respects continuing the traditions of the Middle Ages, reversed that process.〔G. Norton ed., ''The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism Vol 3'' (1999)p. 46 and pp. 601–4〕 Re-christening the old Trivium with a new and more ambitious name: ''Studia humanitatis'', and also increasing its scope, they downplayed logic as opposed to the traditional Latin grammar and rhetoric, and added to them history, Greek, and moral philosophy (ethics), with a new emphasis on poetry as well.〔Paul Oskar Kristeller, ''Renaissance Thought II: Papers on Humanism and the Arts'' (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), p. 178.〕 The educational curriculum of humanism spread throughout Europe during the sixteenth century and became the educational foundation for the schooling of European elites, the functionaries of political administration, the clergy of the various legally recognized churches, and the learned professions of law and medicine.〔Charles G. Nauert, ''Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe (New Approaches to European History)'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 172–173.〕 The ideal of a liberal arts, or humanistic education grounded in classical languages and literature, persisted until the middle of the twentieth century. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Liberal arts education」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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